![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The horizontal pressures on the backfill side will push the wall outward, which will tend to overturn around the end of the toe. How do you calculate the overturning safety factor? The right picture above shows schematically the lateral pressure diagrams on a typical retaining wall. The seismic pressure diagram is trapezoidal, with the higher pressure at the top. The surcharge produces a uniform rectangular pressure on the wall. The backfill exerts a triangular lateral pressure calculated per the corresponding earth pressure theory. When retaining walls are located in seismic zones the seismic effects are considered by utilizing the Mononobe-Okabe approach.Įach applied load has a particular effect on the wall. The stem may also have concentrated loads at the top. When the stem extends above the backfill, the retaining wall may be exposed to wind load. The position of the water table should also be considered in the design. In addition to the retained backfill, retaining walls may be subject to surcharge loads at the top of the retained mass. ![]()
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